Friend Ship Essay Example for Free

Friend Ship Essay friendshipWhen is Friendship Day? Celebrate Friendship Day 2013 on August 4, Sunday Human beings are social creatures and have always valued the importance of friends in their lives. To celebrate this noble feeling it was deemed fit to have a day dedicated to friends and friendship. Accordingly, first Sunday of August was declared as a holiday in US in honor of friends by a Proclamation made by US Congress in 1935. Since then, World Friendship Day is being celebrated every year on the first Sunday in the month of August. | This beautiful idea of celebrating Friendship Day was joyfully accepted by several other countries across the world. And today, many countries including India, celebrate the first Sunday of August as Friendship Day every year. Celebrating Friendship Day in a traditional manner, people meet their friends and exchange cards and flowers to honor their friends. Lot many social and cultural organization too celebrate the occasion and mark Friendship Day by hosting programs and get together. It may be noted that some associations celebrate Friendship Day in an entirely different time of the year and with different customs. For instance, * National Friendship Day is on the first Sunday in August. * Womens Friendship Day is on the third Sunday in August * International Friendship Month is February * Old Friends, New Friends Week is the third week of May However, what is remarkably same is the idea behind the celebration of the day. Everywhere, people express love for their friends and cherish their presence in life. Friendship Day History There is not much literature on Friendship Day history as we celebrate today. However, there are numerous folktales and several instance in mythological legends that shows that friends and friendship have been valued since the beginning of civilized world. As an intrinsically social creature, men love to make friends to further this process of socialization. Friendship Day in IndiaFriendship Day has come to be celebrated in a big way in India. The noble idea of honoring friends and friendship has really caught on with the youth in India and one can see the festival being enthusiastically celebrated by the youth especially, students. Day Dedicated to Friends In tune with the spirit of the occasion, people dedicate Friendship Day festival to their best friends. Most choose to celebrate the entire day in the loving company of their dearest friends. Recollecting sweet memories of the time spent together and catching up with their lives over a cup of coffee is the idea of ideal Friendship Day celebration for many. Friends separated by geographical distances, call up their friends to express love and warmth for each other and to wish a Happy Friendship Day. With more and more people getting hooked to the net, many people also choose to chat with their friends with the help of Internet. Sending SMS and Friendship Day e-cards is another popular way of greetings friends. Friendship Day Celebrations in Schools and Colleges Friendship Day celebrations are particularly marked in schools and colleges in India. Euphoria of the day sets in days before the festival as everybody gets excited to wish their best friends in their own special way. Children make Friendship Day Cards or other special gift to thank their friends for their wonderful presence in their life. Exchange of Friendship Bands is the other most prominent feature of Friendship Day celebrations. Friends vie with each other as to who gets the most stylish band or who gets the maximum number of bands. In several colleges, special programs are also organized to mark the occasion. Most of these programs and events intend to give youth an opportunity to dance and sing with friends and have a good time. Friendship Day Parties Following their counterparts in the west, youth in India too mark Friendship Day by participating in Friendship Day parties or organizing bashes for their friends. Major crowd for Friendship Day can be seen in discotheques and pubs where people dance with friends on fast pace music and cherish the loving company of their pals. Such parties also give youth a chance to make new friends and widen their friendship circle. At present such bashes are more popular in metros and other big cities, however, youth in small towns too are warming up to the idea of partying on Friendship Day. Commercialization of Friendship Day Just as in US and several other countries, Friendship Day has been commercialized to a great extent in India. Days before the festival, gift marketers run an extensive campaign to lure the people to buy cards and gifts for their friends. Restaurateurs too try to entice people by offering special discounts or holding bashes. Several people criticize such excessive campaigning. They feel commercialization has marred to the idea behind observing Friendship Day and has turned it into a mere formality. Some people however feel that advertising campaign has helped to generate awareness about Friendship Day festival and the idea of having a day dedicated to friends. |

John Stuart Mill Essay -- essays research papers

Who is John Stuart Mill? John Stuart Mill was born on May 20, 1806, in London, England. He was mostly known for his radical views. For example, he preached sexual equality, divorce, universal suffrage, free speech, and proportional representation. He had many works of writings such as Principles of Political Economy, On Liberty, The Subjections of Women, and the Three Essays of Religion: Nature, the Utility of Religion, and Theism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Mill was the eldest son of James Mill who was a philosopher, economist and a senior official in the East India Company. James educated John when he was young. His father taught him discipline, Greek at the age of three, history, languages, calculus, logic, political economy, geography, psychology, and rhetoric. At the age of twelve he was a competent logician and by the age of sixteen a well trained economist. (http://www.utilitarianism.com/jsmill.htm) His father believed that teaching children while they were young would have an ever lasting effect on them. The purpose of this push of education at a young age is because James thought that teaching John would have the chance of becoming a prophet of the utilitarian gospel. John had to eventually take his learning from his father and teach his eight younger brother and sisters the same material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Around the age of sixteen, John created a Utilitarian Society, which had the goal of bringing happiness to the greatest number of people, where he was one of a â€Å"small knot of young men† who practiced his father’s political and philosophical views. (http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm) At the age of twenty-one he suffered a mental breakdown, which resulted from severe strain from his earlier years. In his own autobiography, which was later published after his death, he wrote, that he was in a â€Å"dull state of nerves†; and that he had lost his charm. He said he had â€Å"no delight in virtue, or the general good, but also just as little in anything else.† After several months he realized that his emotions where not dried up and â€Å"the cloud gradually drew off.† In 1823 John took a clerkship position in the Examiner’s Office at the East India Company. Later he eventually headed that department. Harriet Tay lor who was a close friend with John co-wrote several pieces of work with him. They met in 1830 and she was the mother of t... ...em. This is what he is trying to bring up to action of treating women with respect and the same as men treat other men. He concludes chapter one by stating, â€Å"But, in that case, all that has been done in the modern world to relate that chain on the minds of women, has been a mistake. They never should have been allowed to receive a literary education. Women who read, much more women who write, are, in the existing constitution of things, a contradiction and a disturbing element: and it was wrong to bring women up with any acquirements but those of an odalisque, or of a domestic servant.† (The Longman Anthology, pg. 527) In conclusion, He was mostly known for his radical views. Principles of Political Economy, On Liberty, The Subjections of Women, and the Three Essays of Religion: Nature, the Utility of Religion, and Theism, where just some of the many works that he published to show the world that everything is not always perfect and intact. He showed that you could express your mind and that this is the new era of thinking. His writings on women’s rights to the economy where way ahead of his time. It is true that John Stuart Mill’s is not known well enough today as he should be.

Apocalypse Now Analysis Essay

The line â€Å"Mistah Kurtz – he dead† from T. S. Elliot’s poem ‘The Hollow Men’ refers to one of the movie’s main characters: Mr. Kurtz, a European trader who had gone into â€Å"the heart of darkness† ie the middle of the vast Vietnamese jungle with European standards of life and behavior. Because he’s alienated from the morals and spiritual strengths he cannot maintain his sanity and soon turns into a barbarian. â€Å"Eyes they dare not meet in dreams† – in my mind, these are the eyes of the innocent Vietnamese whose death they ordered. They’ being the American soldiers who, throughout the duration of their journey through the jungle lost their sanity and were brainwashed because of the weapons they were given. What I was particularly fascinated by in the film ‘Apocalypse Now’ was the way the good can somehow turn into the evil, not on their own, but because of their surroundings. â€Å"[.. ] We were in the jungle, there were too many of us, we had access to too much money, too much equipment and little by little we went insane† –said by director and producer, Coppola at the Cannes film festival in 1979. Even the director had, little by little, gone insane being exposed to the Vietnamese jungle for so many years. The making of the film had taken more than 10 years and $30million to create which had brought Coppola to attempted suicide a couple of times. The film is based on the novella ‘Heart of Darkness’ which took place during the Vietnam War, where the American and the Vietnamese soldiers showed no mercy when it came to a matter of life and death. Throughout the film, I realized that the main character, Captain Willard, sent to assassinate Colonel Kurtz, began to be more and more captivated by Kurtz’s achievements and was beginning to think like him as he was exposed to immoral atrocities of the Great War. When General Corman described Willard’s mission to him he told him â€Å"In this war, things get confused out there, power, ideals, the old morality, and practical military necessity. Out there with these natives it must be a temptation to be god. Because there’s a conflict in every human heart between the rational and the irrational, between good and evil. The good does not always triumph. Sometimes the dark side overcomes what Lincoln called the better angels of our nature. Every man has got a breaking point. You and I have. Walter Kurtz has reached his. And very obviously, he has gone insane. † This quote reminds me of Dante’s Inferno mentioned in the poem â€Å"The Hollow Men† – a journey through the different circles of hell depending on the type of person one was and the type of crime they had committed during their lifetime. The man is clear in his mind but his soul is mad. † Like Alberto Giacometti, Kurtz and Willard develop two faces during the time of the war. The only difference is that Giacometti didn’t need a war to show this, his dual personality was natural in criticizing himself, his paintings and his sculptures. Whilst watching the film I found it mainly disturbing how these men, men with families, men who had peaceful souls, could casually blow off the head of a Vietnamese person without feeling just a tiny bit of hurt in their hearts. They could â€Å"kill without feeling†¦ without passion†¦ without judgment†¦ without judgment! Because it’s judgement that defeats us. † The fact that these characters, sent out on mission through the rivers of a foreign place, were simple men, one a chef, the other a surfer, and the other a sailor gives the audience the feeling that this could happen to anyone. Being placed in the jungles of Vietnam with nothing but weapons would turn us into these animalistic beings with only one instinct: kill to survive. Do you know that ‘if’ is the middle word in life? If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you, if you can trust yourself when all men doubt you† This film is, in fact, all about losing one’s mind, being brainwashed by the immoralities of society, to be converted into an emotionless killer. It’s about the delusion of what an evil man is in the normal person’s eyes compared to what an evil man is in the brainwashed person’s eyes.

Police Brutality And Black Victims - 1449 Words

What time period would I live in If I could choose to live in any time period I would choose to live the United States while police brutality against african americans. But first, what exactly does police brutality define as? Police brutality is the wanton use of excessive force, usually physical, but also common in forms of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. This paper will talk about various examples of police brutality that is directed towards civilians, and then the side of police officers themselves. In particular, the cases of white cops on black victims. These will include those against Eric Garner, Mike Brown, Rodney King, and Malice Rose. The paper will also provide insight and examples on†¦show more content†¦Excessive force is also a direct violation of the fifth and fourteenth amendments. The first case of police brutality is the case of Eric Garner, and the infamous chokehold that resulted in his death. Only July seventeenth, of 2014, in New York City, Garner was suspected of selling cigarettes without tax stamps. When one of several officers at the scene, named Daniel Pantaleo took Garner’s wrists behind his back, he tried to push them away, this being resisting arrest. After this, Pantaleo put his arms around Garner’s neck, and pushed him to the ground, his hands on his heads. While in the chokehold, Garner attempted to say, â€Å"I can’t breathe!,† over ten times. The chokehold was revealed to be the partial cause of his death at the autopsy. Garner was 43 years old when he died. This is evidence that police brutality is clearly in existence. It is also clearly an injustice, since there were no charges in the case. The grand jury found no reasonable cause to indict officer D aniel Pantaleo. Though, this is not the only side to this case. Basically, Eric Garner resisted arrest from the police. It is said that Garner’s argumentative tone and words could have justified for the force that was used. â€Å"It stops today,† he said, this also being considered resistance of arrest. When the supposed chokehold was used, Pantaleo said that he was attempting to use a maneuver to

Legal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay - 1226 Words

Explain the role of discretion in the criminal justice system. As a society we believe that offenders should be held accountable for their actions but also treated fairly in the criminal investigation, trial process and sentencing. As a result of this, the power of discretion, that is the ability to choose from a range of options, is granted to some authorities ensure some flexibility for decision making within the system, enabling a more holistic outcome for all parties involved. The issues that explore and reflect the role of discretion within our criminal justice system are police discretion, charge negotiation and judicial discretion in sentencing. The first aspect of the legal system in which discretion is used is in the†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, Don Weatherburn as director of BOCSCAR expressed his concern as he stated; â€Å"it is naà ¯ve to imagine that a young offender, after years of involvement in crime, will suddenly become law abiding†. As a result, police discretion is a very important aspect of prosecuting juvenile crime, as it is clear that in some cases going to court should be the outcome for young offenders. However the role of discretion for police lies in being able to decide which cases and which circumstances warrant the result of court, as opposed to the multiple alternative forms of punishment that police have the power to enforce. A controversial aspect of the criminal justice system is the Crown’s use of discretion when it decides to make charge negotiations. This means that the crown offers the accused a lesser charge should they plead guilty to it. In doing so, the crown benefits from the assured conviction (maintaining peace and security by an efficient means) and the accused benefits from a lesser sentence. However by employing powers of discretion in this case and making a deal with offenders, is seems to be at the expense of victims as there if insufficient retribution. The case of Nannette May (2009) epitomises the concern of victims, as May was not given a chance to give evidence against her attacker due to his acceptance of aShow MoreRelatedLegal Systems : Legal System1037 Words   |  5 PagesLegal Systems Assignment Introduction One cannot deny that although there is an infinite of legal cultures, they are all universally driven to influence societal conduct in accordance not necessarily with morality, rather with the wishes of the lawmakers. Each great legal culture namely common law and civil law express their differences from its history to its political philosophies. Each culture however, were never inflexible nor exclusive and through globalisation, it became inevitable for bothRead MoreClassical Vs. Modern Positivism1371 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will explore the features of both classical and modern positivism and by critically analysing how Dworkin’s claim that positivism fails to account for the important role of legal principles, is not to a certain extent convincing. Positivist argue that the law and legal institutions depend on depends on its sources, not its merits,’ this is because the law does not exist to depend on the idea of justice or the rule of law. Classical positivist Jeremy Bentham defined law as ‘an assemblageRead MoreThe Public Idea Of Discretion1220 Words   |  5 Pages(2011) describe the public idea of discretion as a very misunderstood aspect of police work, therefore making the public’s opinions of police operations negative in some circumstances. Abdullah and Wells (2011) also highlight Packers crime control model saying that â€Å"A crime control model places high value on efficiency in apprehending and punishing offenders† and â€Å"to operate efficiently the officers must act quickly†. A more concise definition of police discretion is viewed by many law enforcementRead MoreThe Eu And The European Union1385 Words   |  6 Pagesout when the EU has the exclusive competence, while Article 4 explores when competence is shared and it is this idea of competence and the regulations as to when the EU can act which sets it apart from other legal systems. This makes the EU unique in many ways compared to the legal systems of its Member States. The â€Å"British Parliament does not need to have to justify itself† when it makes a decision or new piece of legislation because it has the absolute right to do so. Whereas the EU must haveRead More The Rule of Law Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe rule of law is a difficult concept to grasp and proves elusive to substantive definition. However, the following work considers the attempts of various social and legal theorists to define the concept and pertinent authorities are considered. Attitudes and emphasis as to the exact shape, form and content of the rule of law differ quite widely depending on the socio-political perspective and views of respective commentators (Slapper and Kelly, 2009, p16), although there are common themes thatRead MoreDiscretion And The Criminal Justice1327 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Discretion and the Criminal Justice Professional Jason Gaffney Saint Leo University Abstract The criminal justice system involve many elements. Some of the major components are the men and women who maintain these as Police Officers, Lawyers, Corrections Officers, and the Judges. For the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing more on Judges. Judges sit upon the bench of the courts and help to ensure that fairness is present during trials. A judge must also enforceRead MoreThe Death Penalty Was Furman V. Georgia Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagespeople view the death penalty was Furman v. Georgia. This case set up a guide for limited sentencing discretion; this meant that sentencing for the death penalty would become standardized. Essentially in extreme cases, every criminal death qualified would be sent to death row and eventually executed. After disputes after Furman, cases like Woodson v. North Carolina insisted on individualized discretion when discussing the death penalty. Those in favor of Woodson believed that character ad record ofRead MoreCode Of Conduct For Law En forcement Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pages Contents Introduction 2 Police Ethics 2 Corruption 3 Police Corruption 3 Police Discretion in Ethics 4 Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 4 Types of Police Corruption 4 Ethics in the Courtroom 5 Prosecuting Attorneys 5 Defense Attorneys 5 Ethics in Police Training 6 Closing 6 Introduction Ethics by definition states that it’s the study of morality. Ethics are the basis of our criminal justice system. From the arresting officers who take an oath to serve and protect, to the attorneys andRead MoreExplain What Is Meant by ‘Mechanical Jurisprudence’, and Discuss Hart’s Objections Towards It.1547 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore the law is legislated for in advance, it is just for the judges to apply the relevant law. This concept would insinuate that every case that comes before the courts has been legislated for in advance, leaving virtually no room for judicial discretion. Hart has shed some academic light on the matter. In â€Å"The Concept of Law† he explains that there are two handicaps whenever we seek to legislate in advance. Hart writes â€Å"It is a feature of the human predicament that we labour under two connectedRead MoreDisadvantages Of H. L. Harts Theory1657 Words   |  7 Pages5 Code #316 Jurisprudence is the theoretical study of law1. H.L.A Hart’s version of legal positivism is a legal theory, which describes what the law is, this being the dominant question raised by legal philosophy2. The pivotal tenets of positivism in general are that law is a set of exhaustive rules and the validity of such is due to their method of adoption, not content. This essay analyses the advantages of H.L.A Hart’s theory against Austin’s classical positivism, as Hart’s method brought clarity

Cesare Lombroso s The Modern Criminal Justice System

â€Å"A drug is any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health, the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure† World health organisation (1981). Cesare Lombroso’s (1835) proposed that people were â€Å"born criminals† through human development and that criminals could be identified by features such as large ears or slopping foreheads. Although this theory is not used anymore in modern society, Cesare Lombroso’s (1835) is still recognised and credited for positivism and the scientific study of crime. Cesare Beccaria (1738) believed that criminal offences could be deterred by a form of punishment such as deterrence, and that people possessed a free will. Cesare Beccaria (1738) â€Å"theory is the foundation of the modern criminal justice systems† (page 260). â€Å"More people are arrested each year for drug-related offenses than any other type of crime, and ta xpayers spend tens of billions on arresting, prosecuting and jailing offenders for drug crimes† In this essay, I, will be discussing how the criminal justice system responds to drug offenders. Offences under the misuse of drugs act can include: â€Å"possession of a controlled drug, possession with intent to supply to another person, production, cultivation or manufacture of controlled drugs, offering to supply another person with a controlled drug, import or export of controlled drugs and allowing premises you occupy or manage to be used for theShow MoreRelatedCriminological theories - Durkheim, Beccaria, Lombroso1944 Words   |  8 PagesMost of the information explaining crime and delinquency is based on facts about crime (Vold, Bernard, Daly 2002, p.1). The aim of this paper is to describe the theories of crime and punishment according to the positivists Emile Durkheim and Cesare Lombroso, and the classical criminologist Marcese de Beccaria. The theories were developed as a response to the industrialisation and the modernisation of the societies in the 18th and 19th centuries and were aiming to create a rational society and re-establishRead MoreThe Problem Of Crimin al Justice System882 Words   |  4 Pagesof thought that surround the idea of criminal justice. Initially the main goals of these schools of thought were to classify and punish crimes, however in the recent past we are seeing a shift toward the deterrence and prevention of crime. Early classical, biological, and psychological theories helped shape what is today’s criminal justice system. One of the earliest theories that attempted to explain the cause of crime is classical theory. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria published his Essay on CrimesRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Pennsylvania Quakers in the development of the use of prisons in the United States. 6. Specify the operations of the Walnut Street Jail as the first American prison. 7. Compare the Pennsylvania System with the Auburn System of imprisonment. 8. Explain how the Irish Penal System contributed to the development of the Reformatory Era of prison operations in the United States. 9. List the Acts of Congress and describe their impact on the end to the Industrial Era of prison operationsRead MoreCompare Beccaria and Lombroso Essay2327 Words   |  10 PagesKey Thinkers and Their Competing Ideologies. Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happens to thoseRead MoreThe Criminal Man1449 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss the makings of the Criminal Man according to some of the most famous early Criminologists. I will show how they came up with the Criminal Man using their education, professional experiments and ideals as to what causes a person to become a criminal. As I discuss each theory of what they felt made a person become a criminal you will begin to understand the development towards the laws and views of the criminologists we have in today’s era. Througho ut the paper I willRead MoreCesare Lombroso s Role As A Criminology Thinker1115 Words   |  5 PagesCesare Lombroso was a significant contributor the subject of criminology. Some even make stipulations that he is the father of criminologist. His studies at the University of Pavia contributed greatly to his eventual role as a criminology thinker. His works attracted both positive and negative reception, and Wolfgang considers it a name most eulogized and attacked (Marvin. 1960, p.232). He is the flag bearer of biological positivism and was mainly influential in Europe and North America. His propositionRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology1485 Words   |  6 Pagescrime and punishment. Throughout history, crime was dealt with in an extremely harsh and inhumane manner. Criminals and suspected criminals were quartered, burnt at the stake, tortured, and subjected to other forms of extreme violence. These methods were used to get a confession or punish people for even minor cri mes such as theft. The people of the Enlightenment period of the late 1600 s paid attention to this behavior and this is why a movement was started to change how human beings dealt withRead MoreTheories Of Criminology And Criminal Behavior952 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early to mid-1800s there were a few perspectives introduced regarding how to determine which individuals were more likely to commit criminal behavior. These perspectives were made to identify and separate the more â€Å"superior† individuals from the â€Å"inferior† individuals. One of the first examples of this belief was brought forth by craniometry. Craniometry is the belief that the size of a person’s brain and the skull can tell a person’s superiority or inferiority in relation to certain racialRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System845 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice policy has many different aspects. This include the different theories of crime and how they hav e an impact the criminal justice system. Some of this theories are the Biological studies, Psychological theories, and last the Sociological theory all are used as different methods of explaining why crime exists. Biological theories are the biological explanations of crime. A famous theorists Cesare Lombroso, founder of the Italian school of Positivist Criminology. His biologicalRead MoreCriminology And The Main Schools Of Thought, Classicism And Positivism971 Words   |  4 Pageschange the criminal justice system with ideas that were quite controversial at the time. Since courts and judges were practically free to punish however they saw fit, justice was mainly a matter of wealth. This resulted in sentences being too harsh and inconsistent, depending on the social class of the offender. The punishments were based on Christian beliefs of revenge and retribution(Newburn 2007: 115). As such, it is no surprise that theorists during the era of Enlightenment found this system to be

Security Models and Architecture System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Security Models and Architecture System. Answer: Introduction Information technology and its affiliated components are today identified as important capital tools that offer valid information for business success. This outcome has influenced the application of IT components in different aspects of life, which has also contributed to the prevalence of security issues(Teymouri Ashoori, 2011). This report, therefore, offers an assessment of the various security issues experienced in IT and their relation to the existing technological landscape. Furthermore, the existing models and control mechanisms of these security issues are highlighted, together with the commonly experienced threats and risks. In all, the report gives a thorough evaluation of the security elements in IT including system vulnerabilities and mitigation procedures. Technology has always held a common objective despite the advances and inventions that have been seen throughout the years. In essence, the term will outline any element that makes life easier, and none of these elements is more profound and effective as IT. Now, in the past, the technological management landscape focused on mainframe systems that delivered services to users through complicated connections(Kuc, 2015). However, the modern landscape as shown in the diagram below is predominantly user centred including the applications themselves that use cognitive designs to enhance usability. Nevertheless, the same structure that enhances the usability of technological components creates many vulnerabilities that affect the security of modern technological systems(DSTO, 2016). Vulnerabilities and threats Rapid technology evolution: consider new technologies that are always been introduced into the market yet lack established standards to protect the users. For instance, social media was faced with several attacks at its onset propagated by the weak security measures used e.g. water holing attacks. The similar outcome is experienced with malware attacks that are now intensified by rapid advances in mobile technology which facilitate their propagation. Users today have extended access to connections (internet) which facilitates self-replicating malware e.g. WannaCry ransomware that used unprotected access ports(Sherr, 2017). User negligence: most modern day users take security feature for granted including surrendering their information to multiple social network sites. These attributes trickle down to complex applications where organization fail to employ proper security measure exposing their data and users(GU, 2017). Smart system: Technologies such as Internet of things have led to the development of smart devices that automatically connect and share information. They are also facilitated by wireless technology which unlike wired networks lacks physical security, a serious loophole for many forms of attack e.g. malware, denial of service and man in the middle(Antoli, Mievi?, Mili?evi?, 2014). Mitigation and the benefits Encryption of data which facilitates secure connectivity and transfer of information. This security feature enhances communication and increases system productivity. User awareness most attacks are facilitated by poor security measures which can be avoided by user literacy saving on operational cost. Policy enactment which establishes proper security standards(Antoli, Mievi?, Mili?evi?, 2014). In IT, two fundamental elements of operation are used; one, the architecture of the computer systems and two, the security models or techniques that define and implement security procedures in the technological components. Now, an important part of security models is the security policy used which detects the terms for data access, an element that outlines the importance of access control methods(CISSP, 2012). Below is a simple depiction of the overall concept of security models. Threats, vulnerabilities and access control In all the system and technologies used, security models particularly access control methods and management denote the process subjects use to conduct certain actions (operations) to a given object (e.g. files and data). These mechanisms are important when one considers the different vulnerabilities and threats in place e.g. malware attacks that will interfere with legitimate programs as they try to further the course of intruders. In other instances, network vulnerabilities will be exploited to deny users services as a means to disrupt business operations e.g. DOS. Furthermore, there are those threats that intercept data or traffic to earn or benefit from other users work(Thion, 2008). Therefore, these threats and risk affect the systems confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA), an outcome fixed by access control. Mitigation: Access control models (3 common types) Mandatory access control (MAC)- a static access model that assigns users clearance levels thus improving accountability based on access levels and labels. Therefore, the model is based on policy or matching criteria and not identity. Discretionary access control identity is used in this model where the owner decides who access the content directly based on subject. Access control lists are good examples of tools applying this model and so is the access seen in many operating systems. Rule based access control as the name suggests, access is done based on certain rules that determine if access is denied or allowed(Cicnavi, 2012). Accountability a clear record of those accessing certain systems is given which improves the security. Confidentiality and integrity these models ensure only the authorised personnel and processes accesses IT structures. Cost saving automation of security protocols is done which reduces the man power(Cicnavi, 2012). Now, having established the different threats facing information technology, the mitigation procedures are usually identified and implemented. However, the identification element is critical as it determines the effectiveness of the chosen measures(SANS, 2002). Therefore, in a nutshell, risk assessment can be outlined as the process of identifying threats (risk and vulnerabilities), exposing them and developing appropriate effective countermeasures as outlined in the diagram below. IT risk assessment of threats Considering the threats that face IT systems, no single or specific assessment can be outlined as the best solution to risk evaluation. However, the process of identifying and mitigating threats follows a common approach management and will always start with the identification of the assets. In this case, the assets are the users, IT infrastructure (hardware and software) and information. Thereafter, the threats are identified which outline any element that exploits vulnerabilities or accidents to interfere with an asset. Finally, the vulnerability is identified, which is the security gap in the operational components. Now, using these three items (Assets, threats and vulnerability) the risk is developed i.e. A+T+V=R(TAG, 2010). Examples: Threats (Unauthorised access), asset (digital document), vulnerability (access control not defined). Threat (virus), asset (hard disk), vulnerability (anti-virus is not up to date). Mitigation procedures and benefits After identifying the risk, which in this case can be classified as the probability that a given activity will occur, the user quantifies the problem based on the existing solutions. For instance, in the examples above, the user will in the first instance, define a proper access control procedure including an accurate access policy. This process can be done using access control list or access control applications. In the second instance, the user would simply update their existing antivirus. Now, the benefits of this are reduced operational costs as resources are protected and resource availability. Moreover, the productivity of the user or organization is increased due to lack of interruptions(Kosutic, 2017). Conclusion Information technology is no longer an optional facility but a mandatory component of daily life. This outcome has facilitated its growth in all the industries across the globe which have also facilitated the advances seen today such as wireless communication and smart cities. However, the same technological advances also create many vulnerabilities that facilitate the security threats experienced. Therefore, IT security is dependent on time as there are too many variations and factors to consider. So, the user should update their systems regularly including the IT infrastructure and their literacy levels. This operational procedure will protect the technology landscape, enhance access control models and improve the effectiveness of risk assessment procedures. References Antoli, K., Mievi?, P., Mili?evi?, A. (2014). VULNERABILITIES OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THE PROTECTION OF CNI. Media, culture and public relations, Retrieved 25 August, 2017, from: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/206704. Cicnavi. (2012). Overview of Four Main Access Control Models. 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